注釋

    第一章 偉大的轉變：從市場資本主義到協同共享


    1. jean-baptiste say, a treatise on political economy (phdelphia: grigg & elliot, 1843), 134–35.


    2. dale dougherty, “how many people will own 3-d printers?,” make [blog], april 5, 2013, http://makezine/2013/04/05/how-many-people-will-own-3d-printers/ (essed july 1, 2013).


    3. chris anderson, “free! why $0.00 is the future of business,” wired, february 25, 2008, http://.wired/techbiz/it/magazine/16-03/ff_free?currentpage=all (essed march 7, 2013).


    4. oskarnge, “on the economic theory of socialism: part two,” review of economic studies 4(2) (1937): 129.


    5. oskarnge, “on the economic theory of socialism: part two,” review of economic studies 4(2) (1937):129–30。


    6. oskarnge, “on the economic theory of socialism: part two,” review of economic studies 4(2) (1937):130。


    7. john maynard keynes, essays in persuasion (project gutenberg ebook, 2011), 358–74, http://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/keynes-essaysinpersuasion/keynes-essaysinpersuasion-00-h.html (essed january 23, 2013).


    8. john maynard keynes, essays in persuasion (project gutenberg ebook, 2011), 358–74, http://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/keynes-essaysinpersuasion/keynes-essaysinpersuasion-00-h.html (essed january 23, 2013).


    9. j. bradford delong andwrence h. summers, “the ‘new economy’: background, historical perspective, questions and spections,” economic policy for the informational economy (2001): 16.


    10. j. bradford delong andwrence h. summers, “the ‘new economy’: background, historical perspective, questions and spections,” economic policy for the informational economy (2001):35。


    11. j. bradford delong andwrence h. summers, “the ‘new economy’: background, historical perspective, questions and spections,” economic policy for the informational economy (2001):35。


    12. j. bradford delong andwrence h. summers, “the ‘new economy’: background, historical perspective, questions and spections,” economic policy for the informational economy (2001):16。


    13. j. bradford delong andwrence h. summers, “the ‘new economy’: background, historical perspective, questions and spections,” economic policy for the informational economy (2001):16。


    14. j. bradford delong andwrence h. summers, “the ‘new economy’: background, historical perspective, questions and spections,” economic policy for the informational economy (2001):16。


    15. j. bradford delong andwrence h. summers, “the ‘new economy’: background, historical perspective, questions and spections,” economic policy for the informational economy (2001):16。


    16. j. bradford delong andwrence h. summers, “the ‘new economy’: background, historical perspective, questions and spections,” economic policy for the informational economy (2001):16, 38。


    17. thomas s. kuhn, the structure of scientific revolutions (chicago: university of chicago press, 1962).


    18. isaac asimov, “in the game of energy and thermodynamics you can’t even break even,” smithsonian, august 1970, 9.


    19. viktor mayer-sch?nberger and keh cukier, big data: a revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think (boston: houghton mifflin harcourt, 2013) 59.


    20. viktor mayer-sch?nberger and keh cukier, big data: a revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think (boston: houghton mifflin harcourt, 2013)，89。


    21. steve lohr, “the inte gets physical,” the new york times, december 17, 2011, http://. nytimes/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-inte-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (essed november 19, 2013).


    22. steve lohr, “the inte gets physical,” the new york times, december 17, 2011, http://. nytimes/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-inte-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (essed november 19, 2013).


    23. steve lohr, “the inte gets physical,” the new york times, december 17, 2011, http://. nytimes/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-inte-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (essed november 19, 2013).


    24. steve lohr, “the inte gets physical,” the new york times, december 17, 2011, http://. nytimes/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-inte-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (essed november 19, 2013).


    25. lester smon, “putting the civil society sector on the economic map of the world,” annals of public and cooperative economics 81(2) (2010): 198, http:/ss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads /downloads/2011/10/annals-june-2010.pdf (essed august 8, 2013); “a global assembly on measuring civil society and volunteering,” johns hopkins center for civil society studies, september 26, 2007, 6, http:/ss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/10/unhb_global assemblymeeting_2007.pdf (essed july 8, 2013).


    26. smon, “putting the civil society sector,” 198.


    27. “coborative [1800–2000], english,” google books ngram viewer, http://books.google/ngrams/ (essed june 12, 2013); “google books ngram viewer,” university at buffalo, http://libweb.lib.buffalo.edu/pdp/index.asp?id=497 (essed december 16, 2013).


    28. “the world’s top 50 economies: 44 countries, six firms,” democratic leadership council, july 14, 2010, http://.dlc.org/ndol_cie5ae.html?kaid=10 (essed may 19, 2013); “fortune magazine releases its annual fortune global 500 list ofpanies winning top rankings by making money and marketing well,” prweb, july 10, 2012, http://.prweb /releases/fortune-global-500/money-and-marketing/prweb9684625.htm (essed may 18, 2013); “2011 economic statistics and indicators,” economy watch, http://.economywatch/economic-statistics/year/2011/ (essed may 21, 2013).  第二章 市場經濟的誕生


    1. t. w. schultz, “new evidence on farmer responses to economic opportunities from the early agrarian history of western europe,” subsistence agriculture and economic development, ed. clifton r wharton, jr. (new brunswick, nj: transaction publishers, 1969), 108.


    2. richard sctter, private property: the history of an idea (new york: russell & russell, 1973), 64.


    3. gilbert ter, the english peasantry and the enclosure of themons (new york: a. m. kelley, 1968), 1.


    4. karl pnyi, the great transformation: the political and economic origins of our time (boston: beacon press, 1944), 35; richard l. rubenstein, the age of triage: fear and hope in an overcrowded world (boston: beacon press, 1983), 10.


    5. rubenstein, the age of triage, 43; ter, the english peasantry, 6.


    6. thomas more, utopia (rockville, md: arc manor, 2008), 20.


    7. rubenstein, the age of triage, 46.


    8. lynn white, medieval technology and social change (london: oxford university press, 1962), 129.


    9. karl marx, the poverty of philosophy (chicago: charles h. kerr, 1920), 119.


    10. karl marx, “division ofbour and mechanical workshop: tool and machinery,” in marx and engels, collected works (new york: international publishers, 1991), 33: 387–477, http://.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1861/economic/ch35.htm (essed august 8, 2013).


    11. jean-ude debeir, jean-paul deléage, and daniel hémery, in the servitude of power: energy and civilization through the ages (london: zed books, 1992), 75.


    12. jean-ude debeir, jean-paul deléage, and daniel hémery, in the servitude of power: energy and civilization through the ages (london: zed books, 1992),76。


    13. white, medieval technology and social change, 87.


    14. debeir, deléage, and hémery, in the servitude of power, 79.


    15. jean gimpel, the medieval machine: the industrial revolution of the middle ages (london: penguin, 1977), 16.


    16. e. m. carus-wilson, “an industrial revolution of the thirteenth century,” economic history review 11 (1941): 39.


    17. e. m. carus-wilson, “the woollen industry,” in the cambridge economic history, vol. 2: trade and industry in the middle ages, ed. m. postan and e. e. rich (cambridge: cambridge university press, 1952), 409.


    18. debeir, deléage, and hémery, in the servitude of power, 90.


    19. white, medieval technology, 128–29.


    20. michael pham, “printing,” in a history of technology, vol. 3: from the renaissance to the industrial revolution, ed. charles singer, e. g. holmyard, a. r. hall, and trevor williams (oxford: oxford university press, 1957), 37.


    21. robert l. heilbroner, the making of economic society (englewood cliffs, nj: prentice-hall, 1962), 36–38, 50.


    22. s. r. epstein and maarten prak, guilds, innovation, and the european economy, 1400–1800 (cambridge: cambridge university press, 2008) 31.


    23. s. r. epstein and maarten prak, guilds, innovation, and the european economy, 1400–1800 (cambridge: cambridge university press, 2008)，44。  第三章 曆史的進程：從第一次工業革命到第二次工業革命


    1. yujiro hayami and yoshihisa godo, development economics: from the poverty to the wealth of nations (new york: oxford university press, 2005), 341.


    2. maurice dobb, studies in the development of capitalism (new york: international publishers, 1947), 143.


    3. adam smith, an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (edinburgh: thomas nelson, 1843), 20.


    4. adam smith, an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (edinburgh: thomas nelson, 1843), 20.


    5. adam smith, an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (edinburgh: thomas nelson, 1843), 21.


    6. adam smith, an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (edinburgh: thomas nelson, 1843), 22.


    7. carl lira, “biography of james watt,” may 21, 2013, http://.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (essed january 7, 2014).


    8. jean-ude debeir, jean-paul deléage, and daniel hémery, in the servitude of power: energy and civilization through the ages (london: zed books, 1992), 101–104.


    9. eric j. hobsbawm, the age of capital, 1848–1875 (new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1975), 40.


    10. eric j. hobsbawm, the age of revolution, 1789–1848 (new york: vintage books, 1996), 298.


    11. alfred d. chandler jr., the visible hand: the managerial revolution in american business (cambridge, ma: belknap press of harvard university press, 1977), 83.


    12. alfred d. chandler jr., the visible hand: the managerial revolution in american business (cambridge, ma: belknap press of harvard university press, 1977), 86。


    13. alfred d. chandler jr., the visible hand: the managerial revolution in american business (cambridge, ma: belknap press of harvard university press, 1977), 90。


    14. alfred d. chandler jr., the visible hand: the managerial revolution in american business (cambridge, ma: belknap press of harvard university press, 1977), 88。


    15. a. hyma, the dutch in the far east (ann arbor, mi: george wahr, 1953).


    16. chandler, the visible hand, 153; “our history,” canadian pacific, http://.cpr.ca/en/about-cp/our-past-present-and-future/pages/our-history.aspx (essed june 13, 2013).


    17. chandler, the visible hand, 120.


    18. randall collins, “weber’sst theory of capitalism: a systematization,” american sociological review 45(6) (1980): 932.


    19. ang e. davis, art and work: a social history ofbour in the canadian graphic arts industry in the 1940s (montreal: mcgill–queen’s university press, 1995), 21.


    20. “printing yesterday and today,” harry ransom center, university of texas at austin, http://.hrc.utexas.edu/educator/modules/gutenberg/books/printing/ (essed on october 16, 2013).


    21. aileen fyfe, steam-powered knowledge: william chambers and the business of publishing, 1820–1860 (chicago: university of chicago press, 2012), 64.


    22. yochai benkler, the wealth ofworks: how social production transforms markets and freedom (new haven: yale university press, 2006), 188.


    23. paul f. gehl, “printing,” encyclopedia of chicago, http://.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1010.html (essed june 12, 2013).


    24. “r. r. donnelley & sonspany,” international directory ofpany histories, 2001, encyclopedia http://.encyclopedia/doc/1g2-2844200093.html (essed june 12, 2013).


    25. chandler, the visible hand, 230.


    26. chandler, the visible hand, ，232。


    27. chandler, the visible hand, ，245。


    28. paul lewis, “ambitious ns for iraqi oil,” new york times, july 30, 1994, http://.ny times/1994/07/30/business/ambitious-ns-for-iraqi-oil.html (essed june 30, 2013).


    29. “energizing america: facts for addressing energy policy,” api (june 2012): 17, http://.api.org/~/media/files/statistics/energizing_america_facts.ashx (essed april 19, 2013).


    30. robert anderson, fundamentals of the petroleum industry (norman: university of ohoma press, 1984), 279, 286, 289.


    31. robert anderson, fundamentals of the petroleum industry (norman: university of ohoma press, 1984)，19, 20, 22。


    32. venu gadde, “u.s. oil & gas exploration & production (e&p),” henry fund research, february 8, 2012, 3, https://tippie.uiowa.edu/henry/reports12/oil_gas.pdf (essed january 13, 2013).


    33. narayan mandayam and richard frenkiel, “at&t history,” rutgers university, http://.wib.rutgers.edu/~narayan/course/wireless_revolution/ll1-%20lecture%201%20reading-%20att%20history.doc (essed on october 16, 2013).


    34. adam thierer, “unnatural monopoly: critical moments in the development of the bell system monopoly,” cato journal 14(2) (1994): 270.


    35. adam thierer, “unnatural monopoly: critical moments in the development of the bell system monopoly,” cato journal 14(2) (1994): 272。


    36. “milestones in at&t history,” at&t, http://.corp.att/history/milestones.html.


    37. thierer, “unnatural monopoly,” 274.


    38. richard h. k. vietor, contrivedpetition: regtion and deregtion in america (cambridge, ma: harvard university press, 1994), 171–72.


    39. noobar retheos danielian, at&t: the story of industrial conquest (new york: vanguard press, 1939), 252.


    40. gerald w. brock, the telmunications industry: the dynamics of market structure (cambridge, ma: harvard university press, 1981), 161.


    41. “wireline local market concentration,” the columbia institute for tele-information, http://4.gsb.columbia.edu/filemgr?file_id=739241 (essed june 19, 2013).


    42. carolyn marvin, when old technologies were new: thinking about electricmunication in thete neenth century (new york: oxford university press, 1988), 164.


    43. david e. nye, electrifying america: social meanings of a new technology, 1880–1940 (cambridge, ma: mit press, 1991), 239.


    44. david e. nye, electrifying america: social meanings of a new technology, 1880–1940 (cambridge, ma: mit press, 1991), 186。


    45. henry ford and samuel crowther, edison as i know him (new york: cosmopolitan books, 1930), 30.


    46. nye, electrifying america, 186.


    47. daniel yergen, the prize (new york: simon and schuster, 1992), 208.


    48. q. a. mowbray, road to ruin (phdelphia: lippincott, 1969), 15.


    49. keh r. schneider, autokind vs. mankind (lincoln, ne: authors choice press, 2005), 123.


    50. “the dramatic story of oil’s influence on the world,” oregon focus (january 1993): 10–11.


    51. new housing units:pleted, united states census bureau, 2012, http://.census.gov/construction/nrc/historical_data/ (essed october 30, 2013); shopping centers: numbers and gross leasable area, united states census bureau, http://.census.govpendia/statab/2012/tables/12s1061.pdf (essed october 30, 2013).


    52. “electric generation ownership, market concentration, and auction size” (washington, dc: u.s. environmental protection agency, office of air and radiation), july 2010, 4, http://.epa.gov/airtransport/pdfs/tsd_ownership_and_market_concentration_7-6-10.pdf (essed april 7, 2013).


    53. “what’s moving: u.s. auto sales,” wall street journal, may 1, 2013, http://online.wsj/mdc/public/page/2_3022-autosales.html.


    54. erick schonfeld, “what mediapany gained the most market share in 2007? (hint: it starts with a g),” techcrunch, march 14, 2008, http://techcrunch/2008/03/14/what-mediapany-gained-the-most-market-share-in-2007-hint-it-starts-with-a-g/ (essed june 8, 2013).


    55. andrea alegria, agata kaczanowska, anduren setar, “highly concentrated:panies that dominate their industries,” ibis world, february 2012, 1–2, 4, http://.ibisworldmon/mediacenter/highly%20concentrated%20industries.pdf (essed february 22, 2013).


    56. “global ib revenue ranking—01 jan-10 jun 2013,” dealogic, http://fn.dealogic/fn/ib rank.htm (essed june 14, 2013).


    57. “the world’s top 50 economies: 44 countries, six firms,” democratic leadership council, http://.dlc.org/ndol_cie5ae.html?kaid=10 (essed 14 july 2010).  第四章 從資本主義看人類的本性


    1. robert s. hoyt, europe in the middle ages, 2nd ed. (new york: harcourt, brace & world, 1966), 300.


    2. max weber, the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (1930; reprint, london: routledge, 2005).


    3. john locke, two treatises of government (london: printed for whitmore and fenn, charing cross; and c. brown, duke street, lincoln’s-inn-fields, 1821), §27.


    4. john locke, two treatises of government (london: printed for whitmore and fenn, charing cross; and c. brown, duke street, lincoln’s-inn-fields, 1821), §27.


    5. john locke, two treatises of government (london: printed for whitmore and fenn, charing cross; and c. brown, duke street, lincoln’s-inn-fields, 1821), 37。


    6. adam smith, an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, ed. edwin cannan (london: methuen, 1961), 1:475.


    7. r. h. tawney, the acquisitive society (new york: harcourt, brace, 1920), 13, 18.


    8. max weber, from max weber: essays in sociology, eds. and trans. h. h. gerth and c. wright mills (new york: oxford university press, 1946), 51.


    9. richard sctter, private property: the history of an idea (new brunswick, nj: rutgers university press, 1951), 185.


    10. david hume, an enquiry concerning the principles of morals (london: printed for a. mir, 1751).


    11. sctter, private property, 242.


    12. jeremy bentham, “pannomial fragments,” in the works of jeremy bentham, now first collected; under the superintendence of his executor, john bowring — part ix, ed. john bowring (edinburgh: william tait, 1839), 221; jeremy bentham, “principles of the civil code,” in the works of jeremy bentham, now first collected; under the superintendence of his executor, john bowring — part ii, ed. john bowring (edinburgh: william tait, 1839), 309.


    13. charles darwin, the descent of man: and selection in rtion to sex, project gutenberg, 1999, http://.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2300/pg2300.html (essed june 20, 2013).


    14. charles darwin, the descent of man: and selection in rtion to sex, project gutenberg, 1999, http://.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2300/pg2300.html (essed june 20, 2013).


    15. herbert spencer, the principles of biology (london: williams and norgate, 1864), 1:444–45.


    16. charles darwin, the variation of animals and nts under domestication (london: john murray, 1899), 1:6.


    17. stephen jay gould, “darwin’s untimely burial,” in philosophy of biology, ed. michael ruse (new york: prometheus books, 1998), 93–98.


    18. j browne, charles darwin: the power of ce (princeton, nj: princeton university press, 2002), 2:186.


    19. thomas paine, “rights of man: being an answer to mr. burke’s attack on the french revolution,” in the political works of thomas paine (new york: c. nchard, 1860). 第五章 極致生產力、物聯網和免費能源


    1. “sr 101: sr economics,” states advancing sr, http://.statesadvancingsr.org/sr-101/sr-economics (essed january 31, 2014); “wind energy payback period workbook,” national renewable energyboratory, april 1, 2001, .nrel.gov/wind/docs/spread_sheet_final.xls (essed october 22, 2013).


    2. “productivity,” merriam-webster, http://.merriam-webster/dictionary/productivity.


    3. moses abramovitz, thinking about growth: and other essays on economic growth and welfare (cambridge: cambridge university press, 1989), 133.


    4. robert u. ayres and edward h. ayres, crossing the energy divide: moving from fossil fuel dependence to a clean-energy future (upper saddle river, nj: wharton school publishing, 2010), 14.


    5. rachaelrimore, “why ‘you didn’t build that’ isn’t going away,” te, august 30, 2012, http://.te/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/08/_you_didn_t_build_that_it_doesn_t_matter_what_obama_meant_to_say_but_what_people_heard_.html (essed july 13, 2013).


    6. robert u. ayres and benjamin warr, the economic growth engine: how energy and work drive material prosperity (northampton, ma: edward elgar publishing, 2009), 334–37.


    7. john a. “skip”itner, steven nadel, r. neal elliott, harvey sachs, and a siddiq khan, “the long-term energy efficiency potential: what the evidence suggests,” american council for an energy-efficient economy, january 2012, http://.garrisoninstitute.org/downloads/ecology/cmbitner_long-term_e_e_potential.pdf, 2 (essed september 21, 2013).


    8. john a. “skip”itner, steven nadel, r. neal elliott, harvey sachs, and a siddiq khan, “the long-term energy efficiency potential: what the evidence suggests,” american council for an energy-efficient economy, january 2012, http://.garrisoninstitute.org/downloads/ecology/cmbitner_long-term_e_e_potential.pdf, 2 (essed september 21, 2013)，66。


    9. “how many smart meters are installed in the us and who has them?,” us energy information administration,st modified january 10, 2013, http://.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq .cfm?id=108&t=3 (essed october 12, 2013).


    10. brian merchant, “with a trillion sensors, the inte of things would be the ‘biggest business in the history of electronics,’” motherboard, november 2013, http://motherboard.vice/blog/the-inte-of-things-could-be-the-biggest-business-in-the-history-of-electronics (essed november 14, 2013).


    11. “data, data everywhere,” economist, february 25, 2012, http://.economist/node/15557443 (essed september 18, 2013); joe hellerstein, “parallel programming in the age of big data,” gigaom, november 9, 2008, http://gigaom/2008/11/09/mapreduce-leads-the-way-for-parallel-programming/ (essed september 18, 2013).


    12. s. mitchell, n. vi, m.s. weeks, and a.nge, “the inte of everything for cities,” cisco, 2013, http://.cisco/web/about/ac79/docs/ps/motm/ioe-smart-city_pov.pdf (essed on october 31, 2013).


    13. peter c. evans and marco annunziata, “industrial inte: pushing the boundaries of minds and machines,” general electric, november 26, 2012, http://.ge/sites/default/files/industrial_inte.pdf, 4 (essed january 5, 2013).


    14. peter c. evans and marco annunziata, “industrial inte: pushing the boundaries of minds and machines,” general electric, november 26, 2012, http://.ge/sites/default/files/industrial_inte.pdf, 24。


    15. “the inte of things business index: a quiet revolution gathers pace,” the economist intelligence unit (2013), 10, http://.arm/files/pdf/eiu_inte_business_index_web.pdf (essed october 29, 2013).


    16. “the inte of things business index: a quiet revolution gathers pace,” the economist intelligence unit (2013), 10, http://.arm/files/pdf/eiu_inte_business_index_web.pdf (essed october 29, 2013).


    17. “the difference engine: chattering objects,” economist (august 13, 2010), http://.economist/blogs/babbage/2010/08/inte_things (essed september 5, 2013).


    18. “the difference engine: chattering objects,” economist (august 13, 2010), http://.economist/blogs/babbage/2010/08/inte_things (essed september 5, 2013).


    19. “the difference engine: chattering objects,” economist (august 13, 2010), http://.economist/blogs/babbage/2010/08/inte_things (essed september 5, 2013).


    20. “the difference engine: chattering objects,” economist (august 13, 2010), http://.economist/blogs/babbage/2010/08/inte_things (essed september 5, 2013).


    21. “conclusions of the inte of things public consultation,” digital agenda for europe, a europe 2020 initiative, february 28, 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-inte-things-public-consultation (essed march 21, 2013).


    22. “inte of things factsheet privacy and security: iot privacy, data protection, information security,” digital agenda for europe, a europe 2020 initiative (february 28, 2013): 1, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-inte-things-public-consultation (essed march 21. 2013).


    23. “inte of things factsheet privacy and security: iot privacy, data protection, information security,” digital agenda for europe, a europe 2020 initiative (february 28, 2013): 1, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-inte-things-public-consultation (essed march 21. 2013)，5。


    24. “inte of things factsheet privacy and security: iot privacy, data protection, information security,” digital agenda for europe, a europe 2020 initiative (february 28, 2013): 1, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-inte-things-public-consultation (essed march 21. 2013)，7。


    25. “the inte of things business index,” 11.


    26. “the inte of things business index,” 11.


    27. “the inte of things business index,”，14, 16。


    28. gordon e. moore, “cramming moreponents onto integrated circuits,” electronics 38(8) (april 19, 1965): 115.


    29. michio kaku, “tweaking moore’sw:puters of the post-silicon era,” big think, march 7, 2012, http://bigthink/videos/tweaking-mooreswputers-of-the-post-silicon-era-2 (october 1, 2013).


    30. gail robinson, “speeding traffic with tiny mirrors,” ee times, september 26, 2000, http://.eetimes/document.asp?doc_id=1142186 (essed november 6, 2013).


    31. “earlyputers 1960’s,” pimall, 2006, http://.pimall/nais/pivintage/burroughsputer.html (essed november 7, 2013); “study: number of smartphone users tops 1 billion,” cbs news, october 17, 2012, http://.cbsnews/8301-205_162-57534583/ (essed november 7, 2013).


    32. robert d. atkinson et al., “the inte economy 25 years after,” the information technology & innovation foundation, march 2010, 9, http://.itif.org/files/2010-25-years.pdf (essed august 13, 2013).


    33. fred kan, 1959: the year everything changed (hoboken, nj: john wiley, 2009), 82; mark w. greenia, history ofputing: an encyclopedia of the people and machines that madeputer history, lexikon services, january 1, 1998; “reference/faq/products and services,” ibm, http://-03.ibm/ibm/history/reference/faq_0000000011.html (essed november 7, 2013).


    34. “the raspberry pi in scientific research,” raspberry pi, april 25, 2013, http://.raspberry pi.org/archives/tag/research (essed september 19, 2013).


    35. “cray 1-a: 1977–1989,”puter and information systemsboratory, 2009, http://.cisl.ucar.eduputers/gallery/cray/cray1.jsp (essed march 7, 2013).


    36. ramez naam, “smaller, cheaper, faster: does moore’sw apply to sr cells?,” scientific american (blog), march 16, 2011, http://blogs.scientificamerican/guest-blog/2011/03/16/smaller-cheaper-faster-does-mooresw-apply-to-sr-cells (essed june 19, 2013).


    37. “sunshot vision study — february 2012,” u.s. department of energy, february 2012, .eere.energy.gov/sr/pdfs/47927.pdf, 74 (essed april 8, 2013); eric wesoff, “first sr surprised with big 2013 guidance, 40 cents per watt,” greentechmedia, april 9, 2013, http://.greentechmedia/articles/read/first-sr-surprises-with-big-2013-guidance-40-cents-per-watt-cost-by-201 (may 6, 2013).


    38. hariklia deligianni, shafaat ahmed, and lubomyr romankiw, “the next frontier: electrodeposition for sr cell fabrication,” electrochemical society (summer 2011): 47.


    39. naam, “smaller, cheaper, faster.”


    40. peter hockenos, “germany’s grid and the market: 100 percent renewable by 2050?,” renewable energy world, november 21, 2012, http://.renewableenergyworld/rea/blog /post/2012/11/ppriorities-germanys-grid-and-the-market (november 1, 2013); jeevan vasagar, “german farmers reap benefits of harvesting renewable energy,” financial times, december 2, 2013. http://.ft/intl/cms/s/0/f2bc3958-58f4-11e3-9798-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2nmj6ilk2 (essed december 13, 2013).


    41. josiah neeley, “texas windpower: will negative pricing blow out the lights? (ptc vs. reliable new capacity),” masterresource, november 27, 2012, http://.masterresource.org/2012/11/texas-negative-pricing-ptc/ (essed august 2, 2013).


    42. rachel morison, “renewables make german power market design defunct, utility says,” bloomberg, june 26, 2012, http://.bloomberg/news/2012-06-26/renewables-make-german-power-market-design-defunct-utility-says.html (essed april 29, 2013).


    43. nic brisbourne, “sr power — a case study in exponential growth,” the equity kicker, september 25, 2012, http://.theequitykicker/2012/09/25/sr-powera-case-study-in-exponential-growth/ (essed may 27, 2013).


    44. max miller, “ray kurzweil: sr will power the world in 16 years,” big think, march 17, 2011, http://bigthink/think-tank/ray-kurzweil-sr-will-power-the-world-in-16-years (essed june 1, 2013).


    45. eric wesoff, “mainstream media discovers sr power and moore’sw,” greentech media, november 8, 2011, http://.greentechmedia/articles /read/mainstream-media-discovers-sr-power-and-mooresw (essed october 9, 2013).


    46. cristina l. archer and mark z. jacobson, “evaluation of global wind power,” journal of geophysical research 110, june 30, 2005, http://.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds /2004jd005462.pdf (essed march 3, 2013).


    47. rudolf rechsteiner, “wind power in context — a clean revolution in the energy sector,” energywatchgroup, december 2008, http://.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/2009-01_wind_power_report.pdf (essed november 4, 2013).


    48. “wind power experiencing exponential growth globally,” renewable energy worldwide, january 30, 2009, http://.renewableenergyworld/rea/news/article/2009/01/wind-power-experiencing-exponential-growth-globally-54631 (essed january 9, 2013).


    49. miller, “ray kurzweil.”


    50. greg price, “how much does the inte cost to run?,” forbes, march, 14, 2012, http://.forbes/sites/quora/2012/03/14/how-much-does-the-inte-cost-to-run/ (essed july 18, 2013).


    51. “un projects 40% of world will be online by year end, 4.4 billion will remain unconnected,” un news centre, october 7, 2013, http://.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsid=46207&cr=inte&cr1# (essed november 7, 2013).


    52. “the hidden expense of energy — print is costly, online isn’t free,” schrly kitchen, january 19, 2012, http://schrlykitchen.ss.org/2012/01/19/the-hidden-expense-of-energy-costs-print-is-costly-online-isnt-free/ (essed august 21, 2013).


    53. jonathan koomey, “growth in data center electricity use 2005 to 2010,” analytics press (2011): iii; gerad hoyt, “the power hungry inte,” energy manager today,st modified november 21, 2012, http://.energymanagertoday/the-power-hungry-inte-087256/ (essed october 4, 2013).


    54. “the hidden expense of energy.”


    55. “report to congress on server and data center energy efficiency,” u.s. environmental protection agency energy star program, august 2, 2007, 5, http://.energystar.gov/ia/part ners/prod_development/downloads/epa_datacenter_report_congress_final1.pdf (essed october 16, 2013).


    56. james nz, “power, pollution and the inte,” new york times, september 22, 2012, http://.nytimes/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html?pagewanted=all (essed november 3, 2013).


    57. rich miller, “how many data centers? emerson says 500,000,” data center knowledge, december 14, 2011, http://.datacenterknowledge/archives/2011/12/14/how-many-data-centers-emerson-says-500000/ (essed november 3, 2013).


    58. “report to congress on server and data center energy efficiency,” 7.


    59. nz, “power, pollution and the inte.”


    60. krishna kant, “challenges in distributed energy adaptiveputing,” acm sigmetrics performance evaluation review 37(3) (january 2010): 3–7.


    61. “apple facilities: environment footprint report,” apple, 2012, 8, http://images.apple/environment/reports/docs/apple_facilitates_report_2013.pdf (essed november 10, 2013).


    62. “mcgraw-hill and njr clean energy ventures announcergest sr energy site of its kind in the western hemisphere,” mcgraw-hill financial, june 13, 2011, http://investor.mcgraw-hill/phoenix.zhtml?c=96562&p=rsnding&cat=news&id=1573196 (essed october 25, 2013).


    63. “apple facilities environment footprint report,” 7.


    64. nick goldman, paul bertone, siyuan chen, christophe dessimoz, emily m. leproust, botond sipos, and ewan birney, “towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized dna,” nature 494 (february 7, 2013): 77–80.


    65. malcolm ritter, “study: digital information can be stored in dna,” huffington post, january 23, 2013, http://.huffingtonpost/huff-wires/20130123/us-sci-dna-data/# (essed november 6, 2013).


    66. derik andreoli, “the bakken boom — a modern-day gold rush,” oil drum, december 12, 2011, http://.theoildrum/node/8697 (october 30, 2013); a. e. berman, “after the gold rush: a perspective on future u.s. natural gas supply and price,” oil drum, february 8, 2012, http://.theoildrum/node/8914 (essed october 30, 2013).


    67. ajay makan and javier s, “oil guru says us shale revolution is ‘temporary,’” financial times, may 29, 2013, .ft/cms/s/0/281b118e-c870-11e2-6-00144feab7de.html#axzz2ubjc9zz1 (essed october 17, 2013).


    68. matthew l. wald, “shale’s effect on oil supply is forecast to be brief,” the new york times, november 12, 2013, http://.nytimes/2013/11/13/business/energy-environment/shales-effect-on-oil-supply-is-not-expected-tost.html?_r=0, (essed november 13, 2013).  第六章 3d打印：從大規模生產到大眾生產


    1. mark richardson and bradley haylock, “designer/maker: the rise of additive manufacturing, domestic-scale: production and the possible implications for the automotive industry,”puter aided design and applications (2012): 35.


    2. ashlee vance, “3-d printers: make whatever you want,” bloomberg businessweek, april 26, 2012, http://.businessweek/articles/2012-04-26/3d-printers-make-whatever-you-want (essed august 23, 2013).


    3. “wohlers associates publishes 2012 report on additive manufacturing and 3-d printing: industry study shows annual growth of nearly 30%,” wohlers associates, may 15, 2012, http://wohlersassociates/press56.htm (essed august 16, 2013).


    4. richardson and haylock, “designer/maker.”


    5. irene chapple, “dickerson: etsy is disrupting global supply chains,”n, june 5, 2013, http://editionn/2013/06/05/business/etsy-leweb-craft-disrupting (essed june 28, 2013).


    6. “a brief history of 3d printing,” t. rowe price, december 2011, http://inpidual.troweprice/staticfiles/retail/shared/pdfs/3-d_printing_infographic_final.pdf (essed november 2, 2013).


    7. “definition: hacker,” search security, october 2006, http://searchsecurity.techtarget/definition/hacker (essed october 15, 2013).


    8. chris anderson, “in the next industrial revolution, atoms are the new bits,” wired, january 25, 2010, http://.wired/magazine/2010/01/ff_newrevolution/ (essed august 8, 2013).


    9. j. m. pearce, c. morris ir, k. j.ciak, r. andrews, a. nosrat, and i. zelenika-zovko, “3-d printing of open source appropriate technologies for self-directed sustainable development,” journal of sustainable development 3(4) (2010): 18.


    10. “fabb faq,” mit center for bits and atoms, http://fab.cba.mit.edu/about/faq/ (essed june 27, 2013).


    11. “mit fabb: the new technology revolution,” cardiff school of art and design, august 27, 2013, http://cardiff-school-of-art-and-design.org/magazine/mit-fabb-the-new-technology-revolution/ (essed november 14, 2013); alison denisco, “fabb beginnings,” district administration (december 2012), http://.districtadministration/article/fabb-beginnings (essed november 14, 2013); “fab,” fab education bremen, http://.fabeducation/en/fab-2.html (essed november 14, 2013).


    12. katherine ling, “‘fabbs’ out front in u.s. push to make manufacturing cool,” environment & energy publishing, september 18, 2013, http://.eenews/stories/1059987450 (essed november 14, 2013).


    13. andy greenberg, “the fab life,” forbes, august 13, 2008, http://.forbes/2008/08/13/diy-innovation-gershenfeld-tech-egang08-cx_ag_0813gershenfeld.html (essed april 1, 2013).


    14. cory doctorow, story in over clocked: stories of the future present (new york: thunder’s mouth press, 2007), 4.


    15. chris waldo, “will we 3-d print renewable energy?,” 3d printer, june 5, 2012, http://.3dprinter/3d-printing-renewable-energy (essed july 30, 2013).


    16. “print me the head of alfredo garcia,” economist, august 10, 2013, http://.economist/news/science-and-technology/21583238-new-low-cost-way-making-things-print-me-head-alfredo-garcia (essed august 18, 2013).


    17. markus kayser, “sr sinter,” markuskayser, 2011, http://.markuskayser/work/srsinter/ (essed january 11, 2013).


    18. “stic, fantastic! 3-d printers could recycle old bottles,” tech news daily, january 18, 2012, http://.technewsdaily/5446-fbot-3d-printing-material-recycled-stic.html (essed february 2, 2013); “fbot wee kit order form,” fbot: the personal fment maker, http://.fbot/collections/fbot-systems/products/fbot-wee-kit-welded (essed february 2, 2013).


    19. david j. hill, “3-d printing robot produces chairs and tables from recycled waste,” singrity hub, april 23, 2012, http://singrityhub/2012/04/23/3d-printing-robot-produces-chairs-and-tables-from-recycled-waste/ (essed april 4, 2013).


    20. jason dorrier, “3-d printed homes? here’s the scoop,” singrity hub, august 22, 2012, http://singrityhub/2012/08/22/3d-printers-may-someday-construct-homes-in-less-than-a-day/ (essed april 30, 2013).


    21. jordan cook, “the world’s first 3-d-printed building will arrive in 2014 (and it looks awesome),” techcrunch, january 20, 2013, http://techcrunch/2013/01/20/the-worlds-first-3d-printed-building-will-arrive-in-2014-and-it-looks-awesome/ (essed january 26, 2013).


    22. “dutch architect to build ‘endless’ house with 3-d printer,” 3ders, january 15, 2013, http://.3ders.org/articles/20130115-dutch-architect-to-build-endless-house-with-3d-printer.html (essed january 26, 2013).


    23. “foster + partners works with european space agency to 3-d print structures on the moon,” foster and partners press release, january 31, 2013, http://.fosterandpartners/news /foster-+-partners-works-with-european-space-agency-to-3d-print-structures-on-the-moon/ (essed february 18, 2013).


    24. “building a lunar base with 3-d printing,” european space agency, january 31, 2013, http://.esa.int/our_activities/technology/building_a_lunar_base_with_3-d_printing (essed february 18, 2013).


    25. edwin kee, “urbee 2 to cross country on just 10 gallons of ethanol,” ubergizmo, march 1 2013, http://.ubergizmo/2013/03/urbee-2-to-cross-country-on-just-10-gallons-of-ethanol/ (essed september 4, 2013).


    26. “automotive case studies: prototyping is the driving force behind great cars,” stratasys, http://.stratasys/resources/case-studies/automotive/urbee (essed june 27, 2013).


    27. henry ford and samuel crowther, my life and work (garden city, ny: garden city publishing, 1922), 72.


    28. alexander george, “3-d printed car is as strong as steel, half the weight, and nearing production,” wired, february 27, 2013, http://.wired/autopia/2013/02/3d-printed-car/ (essed june 2, 2013).


    29. mary beth griggs, “3-d printers spit out fancy food, green cars, and recement bones,” discover magazine, march 26, 2012, http://discovermagazine/2012/mar/31-3-d-printers-spit-out-fancy-food-and-green-cars#.unvibpmkosu (essed november 7, 2013).


    30. “manitoba’s kor ecologic debuts hybrid urbee,” canadian manufacturing, november 2, 2012, http://.canadianmanufacturing/designengineering/news/manitobas-kor-ecologic-debuts-hybrid-urbee-11992 (essed november 1, 2013).


    31. stewart brand and matt herron, “keep designing — how the information economy is being created and shaped by the hacker ethic,” whole earth review (may, 1985): 44.


    32. deborah desrochers-jacques, “green energy use jumps in germany,” der spiegel, august 30, 2011, http://.spiegel.de/international/crossing-the-20-percent-mark-green-energy-use-jumps-in-germany-a-783314.html (essed august 7, 2013); berlin and niebull, “germany’s energy transformation: eneriewende,” economist, july 28, 2012, http://.economist/node/21559667 (essed october 1, 2013).


    33. “the strategic cooperation between daimler and the renault-nissan alliance forms agreement with ford,” daimler, january 28, 2013, http://.daimler/d/0-5-7153-1-1569733-1-0-0-0-0-0-16694-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html (essed march 31, 2013).


    34. marcel rosenbach and thomas schulz, “3-d printing: technology may bring new industrial revolution,” der spiegel, january 4, 2013, http://.spiegel.de/international/business/3d-printing-technology-poised-for-new-industrial-revolution-a-874833.html (essed august 5, 2013).


    35. goli mohammadi, “open source ecology: interview with founder marcin jakubowski,” makezine, february 11, 2011, http://blog.makezine/2011/02/11/open-source-ecology-interview-with-founder-marcin-jakubowski/ (essed june 17, 2013).


    36. rohan pearce, “open source ecology: can open source save the?,”puterworld techworld, december 15, 2011, http://.techworld.au/article/410193/open_source_ecology_can_open_source_save_/ (essed september 9, 2013).


    37. “marcin jakubowski: open-sourced blueprints for civilization,” huffington post, december 19, 2011, http://.huffingtonpost/2011/12/19/wiki-diy-civilization_n_1157895.html?view=print&ampm_ref=false (essed september 12, 2013).


    38. helen pidd, “indian ckout held no fear for small hamlet where the power stayed on,” guardian, september 10, 2012, http://.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/10/india-hamlet-where-power-stayed-on (essed september 29, 2013).


    39. helen pidd, “indian ckout held no fear for small hamlet where the power stayed on,” guardian, september 10, 2012, http://.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/10/india-hamlet-where-power-stayed-on (essed september 29, 2013).


    40. peerzada abrar, “gram power: yashraj khaitan’s ‘smart microgrid’ produces, stores renewable energy on location,” economic times, july 6, 2012, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes/2012-07-06/news/32566187_1_renewable-energy-innovation-pilferage (essed september 29, 2013).


    41. pidd, “indian ckout held no fear.”


    42. “from micro-grids to smart grids,” kid, november 20, 2012, http://.kid/resources/ckout-from-micro-grids-to-smart-grids/ (essed september 30, 2013).


    43. “from micro-grids to smart grids,” kid, november 20, 2012, http://.kid/resources/ckout-from-micro-grids-to-smart-grids/ (essed september 30, 2013).


    44. “mahatma gandhi on mass production,” interview, may 16, 1936, http://.tinytechindia/gandhiji2.html (essed april 21, 2013).


    45. surur hoda, gandhi and the contemporary world (indo-british historical society, 1997).


    46. “mahatma gandhi on mass production.”


    47. “mahatma gandhi on mass production.”


    48. “mahatma gandhi on mass production.”


    49. hoda, gandhi and the contemporary world.


    50. “mahatma gandhi on mass production.”


    51. hoda, gandhi and the contemporary world.


    52. the collected works of mahatma gandhi, vol. 83, june 7, 1942–january 26, 1944 (new delhi: publications division of the government of india, 1999), 113, http://.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/vol083.pdf (essed november 14, 2013).


    53. mahatma gandhi, the mind of mahatma gandhi: encyclopedia of ghandi’s thoughts, ed.r. k. prabhu and u. r. rao (ahmedabad, india: jitendra t desai navajivan mudranya, 1966), 243–44.


    54. adam smith, an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, ed. edwin cannan (london: methuen, 1961), 1: 475.


    55. “mahatma gandhi’s views,” tinytech nts, http://.tinytechindia/gandhi4.htm (essed june 14, 2013).


    56. prarl, mahatma gandhi: poornahuti, vol. 10: thest phase, part 2 (ahmedabad, india: navajivan trust, 1956), 522.  第七章 慕課時代：零邊際成本教育


    1. “skype in the ssroom,” skype, 2013, https://education.skype/ (essed november 6, 2013); sarah kessler, “skype ceo: our goal is to connect 1 million ssrooms,” mashable, september 21, 2011, http://mashable/2011/09/21/skype-in-the-ssroom-tony-bates/ (essed november 12, 2013).


    2. “curriki at a nce,” curriki homepage, april 2012, http://.curriki.org/wee/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/curriki-at-a-nce-04.04.12-update.pdf (essed april 23, 2013).


    3. “einstein middle school, 8th grade,” facing the future, http://.facingthefuture.org/takeaction/studentstakingaction/einsteinmiddleschool/tabid/165/default.aspx#.ubj2aaikle1 (essed april 18, 2013).


    4. jennifer reba kelly and troy d. abel, “fostering ecological citizenship: the case of environmental service-learning in costa rica,” international journal for the schrship of teaching and learning 6(2) (2012), http://digitamons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontentcgi?article=1330&context=int_jtl (essed november 8, 2013).


    5. “study finds environmental education programs leads to cleaner air,” air quality partnership, april 13, 2009, http://.airqualityaction.org/news.php?newsid=84 (april 11, 2013).


    6. kelly and abel, “fostering ecological citizenship.”


    7. “campuspact annual membership survey results,” campuspact, 2011, http://pact.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/2010-annual-survey-exec-summary-4-8.pdf (essed may 5, 2013).


    8. william morgan, “standardized test scores improve with service-learning,” national service-learning clearinghouse, 2000, http://.servicelearning.org/library/resource/4752 (essed may 1, 2013).


    9. andrew martin and andrew w. lehren, “a generation hobbled by the soaring cost of college,” new york times, may 12, 2012, http://.nytimes/2012/05/13/business/student-loans-weighing-down-a-generation-with-heavy-debt.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (essed may 19, 2013).


    10. carole cadwadr, “do online courses spell the end for the traditional university?,” guardian, november 10, 2012, http://.theguardian/education/2012/nov/11/online-free-learning-end-of-university (essed november 1, 2013).


    11. tamar lewin, “college of future could bee one,e all,” new york times, november 19, 2012, http://.nytimes/2012/11/20/education/colleges-turn-to-crowd-sourcing-courses.html?pagewanted=all (essed november 1, 2013).


    12. richard pérez-pefia, “harvard asks graduates to donate time to free online humanities ss,” new york times, march 25, 2013, http://.nytimes/2013/03/26/education/harvard-asks-alumni-to-donate-time-to-free-online-course.html?_r=0 (essed november 1, 2013).


    13. kathryn ware, “coursera co-founder reports on first 10 months of educational revolution,” uva today, february 21, 2013, http://curry.virginia.edu/articles/coursera-co-founder-reports-on-first-10-months-of-educational-revolution (essed november 8, 2013); “courses,” coursera, 2013, https://.coursera.org/courses, (essed november 12, 2013).


    14. cindy atoji keene, “a ssroom for the whole world,” boston globe, may 19, 2013, http://.bostonglobe/business/specials/globe-100/2013/05/18/edx-president-anant-agarwal-aims-reach-billion-students-around-world/kv5dzoib0abh84f4om8lun/story.html (essed october 30, 2013); thomas l. friedman, “revolution hits the universities,” new york times, january 26, 2013, http://.nytimes/2013/01/27/opinion/sunday/friedman-revolution-hits-the-universities.html?_r=0 (essed october 31, 2013).


    15. cadwadr, “do online courses spell the end.”


    16. cadwadr, “do online courses spell the end.”


    17. josh catone, “in the future, the cost of education will be zero,” mashable, july 24, 2013, http://mashable/2009/07/24/education-social-media/ (essed august 6, 2013).


    18. tamar lewin, “universities team with online course provider,” new york times, may 30, 2013, http://.nytimes/2013/05/30/education/universities-team-with-online-course-provider.html (essed november 1, 2013).


    19. “costs for university of marnd college park,” collegecalc, http://.collegecalc.org/colleges/marnd/university-of-marnd-college-park/ (essed june 28, 2013).


    20. geoffrey a. fowler, “an early report card on massive open online courses,” wall street journal, october 8, 2013, http://online.wsj/news/articles/sb10001424052702303759604579093400834738972 (essed november 25, 2013).


    21. tamar lewin, “universities reshaping education on the web,” new york times, july 17, 2012, http://.nytimes/2012/07/17/education/consortium-of-colleges-takes-online-education-to-new-level.html?pagewanted=all (essed october 28, 2013).


    22. kevin carey, “into the future with mooc’s,” chronicle of higher education, september 3, 2012, http://chronicle/article/into-the-future-with-moocs/134080/ (essed october 28, 2013).  第八章 最後一個站著的工人


    1. jeremy rifkin, the end of work (new york: g. p. putnam’s sons, 1995), xv.


    2. jacob goldstein andm thuy vo, “22 million americans are unemployed or underemployed,” npr, april 4, 2013, http.npr.orgblogsmoney2013040417569781323-million-americans-are-unemployed-or-underemployed (essed november 12, 2013).


    3. jenny mar, “global unemployment at 8% in 2011,” gallup world, april 17, 2012, http://.gallup/poll/153884/global-unemployment-2011.aspx (essed october 15, 2013).


    4. “difference engine: luddite legacy,” economist, november 4, 2011, http://.economist/blogs/babbage/2011/11/artificial-intelligence (essed july 9, 2013).


    5. “difference engine: luddite legacy,” economist, november 4, 2011, http://.economist/blogs/babbage/2011/11/artificial-intelligence (essed july 9, 2013).


    6. micha d. tzer and glennon j. harrison, “the u.s. automotive industry: national and state trends in manufacturing employment,” cornell university ilr school, august 2009, 8, http://digitamons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1671&context=key_workce (essed july 7, 2013).


    7. james sherk,”technology exins drop in manufacturing jobs,” heritage foundation, october 12, 2010, http://.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/10/technology-exins-drop-in-manufacturing-jobs (essed august 10, 2013).


    8. mark j. perry, “the us economy is now producing 2.2% more output than before the recession, but with 3.84 million fewer workers,” american enterprise institute, november 6,2012, http://.aei-ideas.org/2012/11/the-us-economy-is-now-producing-2-2-more-output-than-before-the-recession-but-with-3-84-million-fewer-workers/ (essed september 3, 2013).


    9. boerjengefors, “automated design,” in robert colborn, modern science and technology (princeton, nj: princeton university press, 1965), 699.


    10. management report on numerically controlled machine tools (chicago: cox and cox consulting, 1958).


    11. n a. smith to j. o. mcdonough, september 18, 1952, n/c project files, mit archives.


    12. peter joseph, roxanne meadows, and jacque fresco, “the zeitgeist movement: observations and responses,” zeitgeist movement, february 2009 http://.bibliotecapleyades/socio politica/zeitgeist08.htm (essed june 13, 2013).


    13. caroline baum, “so who’s stealing china’s manufacturing jobs?,” bloomberg, october 14 2003, http://.bloomberg/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ari4baft7xw4 (essed july 1, 2013).


    14. john markoff, “skilled work, without the worker,” new york times, august 18, 2012, http://.nytimes/2012/08/19/business/new-wave-of-adept-robots-is-changing-global-industry.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (essed july 1, 2013).


    15. john markoff, “skilled work, without the worker,” new york times, august 18, 2012, http://.nytimes/2012/08/19/business/new-wave-of-adept-robots-is-changing-global-industry.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (essed july 1, 2013).


    16. “world robotics 2012 industrial robots,” international federation of robotics, http://.ifr.org/industrial-robots/statistics/ (essed may 26, 2013).


    17. russell roberts, “obama vs. atms: why technology doesn’t destroy jobs,” wall street journal,june 22, 2011, http://online.wsj/article/sb10001424052702304070104576399704275939640.html (essed may 26, 2013).


    18. katie drummond, “clothes will sew themselves in darpa’s sweat-free sweatshops,” wired, june 8, 2012, http://.wired/dangerroom/2012/06/darpa-sweatshop/ (essed june 1, 2013).


    19. bernard condon, “millions of middle-ss jobs killed by machines in great recession’s wake,” huffington post, january 23, 2013, http://.huffingtonpost/2013/01/23/middle-ss -jobs-machines_n_2532639.html?view=print&ampm_ref=false (essed july 21, 2013).


    20. joseph g. carson, “us economic and investment perspectives — manufacturing payrolls declining globally: the untold story (part 2),” alliancebernstein (october 2003).


    21. “postal service flexes its workforce flexibility,” usps office of inspector general, june 10, 2013, http://.uspsoig.gov/blog/postal-service-flexes-its-workforce-flexibility/, (essed june 13,2013).


    22. “upational employment and wages news release,” u.s. bureau ofbor statistics, march 29, 2013, http://.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.htm (essed august 3, 2013).


    23. condon, “millions of middle-ss jobs killed by machines in great recession’s wake.”


    24. bill siwicki, “wal-mart expands self-checkout in stores via its iphone app,” inte retailer, february 20, 2013, http://.interetailer/2013/02/20/wal-mart-expands-self-checkout-stores-its-iphone-app (essed november 3, 2013).


    25. ricardo sanchez, “brick and mortar vs. online retailers, a decadeter...,” on techies, january 31, 2012, http://ontechies/2012/01/31/brick-and-mortar-vs-online-retailers-a-decadeter/ (essed june 17, 2013).


    26. ricardo sanchez, “brick and mortar vs. online retailers, a decadeter...,” on techies, january 31, 2012, http://ontechies/2012/01/31/brick-and-mortar-vs-online-retailers-a-decadeter/ (essed june 17, 2013).


    27. sun joo kim, “how will brick and mortar stores survive?,” smart, october 19, 2012, http://.smar/blog/bulletin/how-will-brick-and-mortar-stores-survive/3122 (essed june 19, 2013).


    28. barney jopson, “shoes stores sock it to online buyers,” financial times, may 5, 2013, http://.ft/cms/s/0/42893492-b385-11e2-b5a5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2w1rgveqo (essed november 7, 2013).


    29. campbell phillips, “‘fit-lifters’ give showrooming shoe browsers a bad name,” power retail, may 6, 2013, http://.powerretail.au/multichannel/fit-lifters-give-showrooming-a-bad-name/ (essed july 6, 2013).


    30. jason perlow, “in the battle of clicks versus bricks, retail must transform or die,” z, december 8, 2011, http://.z/blog/perlow/in-the-battle-of-clicks-versus-bricks-retail-must-transform-or-die/19418 (essed august 3, 2013).


    31. “upational employment and wages news release,” u.s. bureau ofbor statistics, march 29, 2013, http://.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.htm (essed june 8, 2013).


    32. john markoff, “armies of expensivewyers, reced by cheaper software,” new york times, march 4, 2011, http://.nytimes/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html?pagewanted=all (essed october 20, 2013).


    33. john markoff, “armies of expensivewyers, reced by cheaper software,” new york times, march 4, 2011, http://.nytimes/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html?pagewanted=all (essed october 20, 2013).


    34. christopher steiner, “automatons get creative,” new york times, august 17, 2012, http://online.wsj/news/articles/sb10000872396390444375104577591304277229534#printprin (essed june 30, 2013).


    35. christopher steiner, “automatons get creative,” new york times, august 17, 2012, http://online.wsj/news/articles/sb10000872396390444375104577591304277229534#printprin (essed june 30, 2013).


    36. “ibm watson: ushering in a new era ofputing,” ibm, http://-03.ibm/innovation/us/watson/ (essed october 22, 2013).


    37. brian t. horowitz, “ibm, nuance to tune watson supeputer for use in health care,” eweek, february 17, 2011, http://.eweek/c/a/health-care-it/ibm-nuance-to-tune-watson-supeputer-for-use-in-health-care-493127/ (essed october 22, 2013).


    38. associated press, “watson’s medical expertise offeredmercially,” telegram, february 8 2013, http://.telegram/article/20130208/news/102089640/0 (essed october 22, 2013).


    39. “lionbridgenguage solution provider expands opportunities with trantion technology,” microsoft case studies, july 9, 2013, http://.microsoft/casestudies/bing/lionbridgenguage-solution-provider-expands-opportunities-with-trantion-technology/710000001102 (essed september 4, 2013).


    40. niko pap, “are trantors losing their jobs because of machine trantion?,” multilizer trantion blog, april 13, 2011, http://trantion-blog.multilizer/are-trantors-losing -their-jobs-because-of-machine-trantion/ (essed september 6, 2013).  第九章 產消者和智能經濟時代的來臨


    1. harold hotelling, “the general welfare in rtion to problems of taxation and of railway and utility rates,” econometrica 6(3) (july, 1938): 242.


    2. harold hotelling, “the general welfare in rtion to problems of taxation and of railway and utility rates,” econometrica 6(3) (july, 1938):258。


    3. harold hotelling, “the general welfare in rtion to problems of taxation and of railway and utility rates,” econometrica 6(3) (july, 1938):260–261。


    4. harold hotelling, “the general welfare in rtion to problems of taxation and of railway and utility rates,” econometrica 6(3) (july, 1938):242。


    5. ronald h. coase, “the marginal cost controversy,” economica 13(51) (august, 1946): 180.


    6. ronald h. coase, “the marginal cost controversy,” economica 13(51) (august, 1946):173。


    7. john f. duffy, “the marginal cost controversy in intellectual property,” university of chicagow review 71(1) (2004): 38.


    8. robert s. mcintyre, matthew gardner, reba j. wilkins, and richard phillips, “corporate taxpayers & corporate tax dodgers 2008–10,” citizens for tax justice and the institute on taxation and economic policy, november, 2011, http://.ctj.org/corporatetaxdodgers/corporatetaxdodgersreport.pdf (essed october 7, 2013).


    9. “ict facts and figures: the world in 2013,” ict data and statistics division of the international telmunication union, february 2013, 2, http://.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/documents/facts/ictfactsfigures2013.pdf (essed october 2, 2013).


    10. united nations environment programme, “feed in tariffs as a policy instrument for promoting renewable energies and green economies in developing countries,” ed. wilson rickerson, chadurent, david jacobs, christina dietrich and christina hanley, 2012, 4, http://.unep.org/pdf/unep_fit_report_2012f.pdf (essed october 21, 2013).


    11. united nations environment programme, “feed in tariffs as a policy instrument for promoting renewable energies and green economies in developing countries,” ed. wilson rickerson, chadurent, david jacobs, christina dietrich and christina hanley, 2012, 4, http://.unep.org/pdf/unep_fit_report_2012f.pdf (essed october 21, 2013).


    12. geert de clercq, “renewables turn utilities into dinosaurs of the energy world,” reuters, march 8, 2013, http://.reuters/article/2013/03/08/us-utilities-threat-idusbre92709e20130308 (essed august 30, 2013).


    13. dave toke, munity wind power in europe and in uk,” wind engineering 29(3) (2005).


    14. de clercq, “renewables turn utilities into dinosaurs.”


    15. de clercq, “renewables turn utilities into dinosaurs.


    16. de clercq, “renewables turn utilities into dinosaurs.


    17. “smart grid investment grant program: progress report,” u.s. department of energy, july, 2012, ii, http://.smartgrid.gov/sites/default/files/doc/files/sgig-progress-report-final-submitted-07-16-12.pdf (essed february 3, 2014).


    18. litos strategicmunication, “the smart grid: an introduction,” u.s. department of energy, 2008, 5, http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/oeprod/documentsandmedia/doe_sg_book_single_pages.pdf (essed september 3, 2013).


    19. “technology,” transphorm, inc., http://.transphormusa/technology (essed june 6, 2013).


    20. “estimating the costs and benefits of the smart grid: a preliminary estimate of the investment requirements and the resultant benefits of a fully functioning smart grid,” electric power research institute, march 2011, 4, http://ipu.msu.edu/programs/migrid2011/presentations/pdfs/reference material - estimating the costs and benefits of the smart grid.pdf (essed february 3, 2014).


    21. michael bame, “uss gerald ford aircraft carrier,” about, 2013, http://defense.about/od/navy/a/uss-gerald-ford-aircraft-carrier.htm (essed june 17, 2013); “building an energy future: annual report,” royal dutch shell, december 31, 2012: 10, http://reports.shell/annual-review/2012/servicepages/downloads/files/entire_shell_review_12.pdf (essed february 3, 2014).


    22. vav smil, “moore’s curse and the great energy delusion,” american, november 19, 2008, http://.american/archive/2008/november-december-magazine/moore2019s-curse-and-the-great-energy-delusion (essed june 6, 2013).


    23. scott disavino, “u.s. smart grid to cost billions, save trillions,” reuters, may 24, 2011, http://.reuters/article/2011/05/24/us-utilities-smartgrid-epri-idustre74n7o420110524 (essed june 7, 2013); “estimating the costs and benefits of the smart grid: a preliminary estimate.” electric power research institute, march 2011, 21.


    24. “growing international co-operation driving the spread of smart grids,” globaldata (june, 2012): 1–7.


    25. katie fehrenbacher, “for the smart grid, the wireless debates are over,” gigaom, january 23, 2012, http://gigaom/2012/01/23/for-the-smart-grid-the-wireless-debates-are-over/ (essed july 5, 2013).


    26. dave karpinski, “making the ‘smart grid’ smarter with broadband wirelessworks and the inte,” crain’s clevnd business, september 11, 2012, http://.crainsclevnd/article/20120911/blogs05/309119999 (essed july 7, 2013).


    27. dave karpinski, “making the ‘smart grid’ smarter with broadband wirelessworks and the inte,” crain’s clevnd business, september 11, 2012, http://.crainsclevnd/article/20120911/blogs05/309119999 (essed july 7, 2013).


    28. sunil paul and nick allen, “inventing the cleanweb,” mit technology review, april 2, 2012, http://.technologyreview/news/427382/inventing-the-cleanweb/ (essed august 17, 2013).


    29. paul boutin, “thew of online sharing,” mit technology review, january/february 2012.


    30. yuliya chernova, “new york’s cleanweb hackathon sparks green ideas where cleantech and it intersect,” wall street journal, october 2, 2012, http://blogs.wsj/venturecapital/2012/10/02/new-yorks-cleanweb-hackathon-sparks-green-ideas-where-clean-tech-and-it-intersect/ (essed september 3, 2013); martinmonica, “cleanweb hackers get busy with energy data,” , january 23, 2012, http://news./8301-11128_3-57363873-54/cleanweb-hackers-get-busy-with-energy-data/ (essed september 3, 2013).


    31. paul and allen, “inventing the cleanweb.”


    32. “green button data: more power to you,” u.s. department of energy, may 18, 2012, http://energy.gov/articles/green-button-data-more-power-you (essed september 10, 2013).


    33. “statements of support for green button initiative,” white houe office of science and technology policy,st modified march 22, 2012, http://.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/pressroom/03222012-support (essed august 22, 2013).


    34. “check out the social energy app by facebook, nrdc, opower,” alliance to save energy,st modified march 20, 2012, http://.ase.org/efficiencynews/preview-social-energy-app-facebook-nrdc-opower (essed july 19, 2013).


    35. dominic basulto, “the cleanweb: green energy meets moore’sw,” big think, may 15, 2012, http://bigthink/endless-innovation/the-cleanweb-green-energy-meets-mooresw (essed july 19, 2013).


    36. cecilia kang, “tech, tel giants take sides as  proposes public wi-fiworks,” cullman times, february 4, 2013, http://.cullmantimes/local/x1303538507/tech-tel-giants-take-sides-as--proposes-public-wi-fiworks (essed november 3, 2013).


    37. cecilia kang, “tech, tel giants take sides as  proposes public wi-fiworks,” cullman times, february 4, 2013, http://.cullmantimes/local/x1303538507/tech-tel-giants-take-sides-as--proposes-public-wi-fiworks (essed november 3, 2013).


    38. cecilia kang, “tech, tel giants take sides as  proposes public wi-fiworks,” cullman times, february 4, 2013, http://.cullmantimes/local/x1303538507/tech-tel-giants-take-sides-as--proposes-public-wi-fiworks (essed november 3, 2013).


    39. cecilia kang, “tech, tel giants take sides as  proposes public wi-fiworks,” cullman times, february 4, 2013, http://.cullmantimes/local/x1303538507/tech-tel-giants-take-sides-as--proposes-public-wi-fiworks (essed november 3, 2013).


    40. cecilia kang, “tech, tel giants take sides as  proposes public wi-fiworks,” cullman times, february 4, 2013, http://.cullmantimes/local/x1303538507/tech-tel-giants-take-sides-as--proposes-public-wi-fiworks (essed november 3, 2013).


    41. cecilia kang, “tech, tel giants take sides as  proposes public wi-fiworks,” cullman times, february 4, 2013, http://.cullmantimes/local/x1303538507/tech-tel-giants-take-sides-as--proposes-public-wi-fiworks (essed november 3, 2013).


    42. “radio act of 1927,” united states early radio history, february 23, 1927, http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec023.htm#part090 (essed october 22, 2013).


    43. “themunications act of 1934,” u.s. department of justice, june 19, 1934, http://it.ojp.gov/default.aspx?area=privacy&page=1288#contenttop (essed october 22, 2013).


    44. “unlicensed spectrum sumittee report,” u.s. department ofmerce, national telmunications and information administration, january 6, 2010, 4.


    45. “unlicensed spectrum sumittee report,” u.s. department ofmerce, national telmunications and information administration, january 6, 2010, 4.


    46. “unlicensed spectrum sumittee report,” u.s. department ofmerce, national telmunications and information administration, january 6, 2010, 4.


    47. carm aquino and sarah radwanick, “2012 mobile future in focus,”score, february 2012, http://score/insights/presentations_and_whitepapers/2012/2012_mobile_future_in_focus (essed october 23, 2013).


    48. “cisco visualworking index: global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2010–2015,” cisco, february 1, 2011, 10, http://newsroom.cisco/ekits/cisco_vni_global_mobile_data_traffic_forecast_2010_2015.pdf (essed february 3, 2014).


    49. “cisco visualworking index: global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2012–2017,” cisco, february 6, 2013, 11, http://.cisco/en/us/solutions/coteral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html (essed february 3, 2014).


    50. yochai benkler, “open wireless vs. licensed spectrum: evidence from market adoption,” harvard journal ofw and technology 26(1) (2012), http://cyberw.harvard.edu/publications/2012/unlicensed_wireless_v_licensed_spectrum (essed october 23, 2013).


    51. “auctions,” u.s. federalmunicationsmission, http://..gov/topic/auctions (essed june 4, 2013).  第十章 共享的喜劇


    1. garrett hardin, “the tragedy of themons,” science 162(3859) (december 13, 1968): 1244.


    2. garrett hardin, “the tragedy of themons,” science 162(3859) (december 13, 1968):1243–1248。


    3. garrett hardin, “political requirements for preserving ourmon heritage,” in wildlife and america, ed. howard p. brokaw (washington, dc: council on environmental quality, 1978), 310–17.


    4. carol rose, “theedy of themons,” university of chicagow review 53(3) (1986): 720.


    5. crawford b. macpherson, democratic theory (oxford: rendon press, 1973), 123–24.


    6. rose, “theedy of themons,” 767.


    7. rose, “theedy of themons,”，768。


    8. rose, “theedy of themons,”，774。


    9. rose, “theedy of themons,”，774。


    10. elinor ostrom, governing themons, (cambridge university press, 1990), 58.


    11. hardin, “the tragedy of themons,” 1244.


    12. ostrom, governing themons, 59.


    13. ostrom, governing themons, 59.


    14. ostrom, governing themons,，61–62。


    15. ostrom, governing themons,62。


    16. robert .ting, “what alpine peasants have inmon: observations on themunal tenure in a swiss vige,” human ecology 4(2) (1976): 135–46.


    17. ostrom, governing themons, 62.


    18. ostrom, governing themons, 62–63。


    19.ting, “what alpine peasants have inmon.”


    20. ostrom, governing themons, 64.


    21. ostrom, governing themons,91–102。


    22. elinor ostrom, “beyond markets and states: polycentric governance ofplex economic systems,” nobel prize lecture, workshop in political theory and policy analysis from indiana university, bloomington, in, december 8, 2009, 424, 425, http://.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciencesureates/2009/ostrom_lecture.pdf (essed november 3, 2013).


    23. elinor ostrom, “beyond markets and states: polycentric governance ofplex economic systems,” nobel prize lecture, workshop in political theory and policy analysis from indiana university, bloomington, in, december 8, 2009, 424, 425, http://.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciencesureates/2009/ostrom_lecture.pdf (essed november 3, 2013).


    24. dous robinson and nina medlock, “diamond v. chakrabarty: a retrospective on 25 years of biotech patents,” intellectual property and technologyw journal 17(10) (2005): 12.


    25. leonard s. rubenstein, “brief on behalf of the peoples businessmission, amicus curiae,” regarding diamond v. chakrabarty, no. 79-136, december 13, 1979, http://.justice.gov/atr/public/workshops/ag2010/015/agw-14399-a.doc (essed november 1, 2013).


    26. leonard s. rubenstein, “brief on behalf of the peoples businessmission, amicus curiae,” regarding diamond v. chakrabarty, no. 79-136, december 13, 1979, http://.justice.gov/atr/public/workshops/ag2010/015/agw-14399-a.doc (essed november 1, 2013).


    27. “new forms of life can be patented u.s. court rules,” montreal gazette (associated press), june 17 1980, http://news.google/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800617&id=ookxaaaaibaj&sjid=dkqfaaaaibaj&pg=3169,3065019 (essed july 20, 2013).


    28. “a history of firsts,” genentech, 2012, http://.gene/mediapany-information/chronology (essed june 19, 2013).


    29. keith schneider, “harvard gets mouse patent, a world first,” new york times, april 13, 1988, http://.nytimes/1988/04/13/us/harvard-gets-mouse-patent-a-world-first.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm (essed june 25, 2013).


    30. marcy darnovsky and jesse reynolds, “the battle to patent your genes,” american interest, september/october 2009, http://.the-american-interest/article-bd.cfm?piece=653 (essedjuly 20, 2013).


    31. “porto alegre treaty to share the gicmons,” uk food group, february 1, 2002, http://.ukabc.org/gicmons_treaty.htm (essed july 21, 2013).


    32. john roach, “‘doomsday’ vault will end crop extinction, expert says,” national geographic, december 27, 2007, http://news.nationalgeographic/news/2007/12/071227-seed-vault.html (essed april 28, 2013).


    33. aaron saenz, “costs of dna sequencing falling fast — look at these graphs!,” singrity university, march 5, 2001, http://singrityhub/2011/03/05/costs-of-dna-sequencing-falling-fast-look-at-these-graphs/ (essed june 19, 2013).


    34. david altshuler, john bell, todd golub, et al, “creating a global alliance to enable responsible sharing of genomic and clinical data,” broad institute, june 3 2013, http://.broad institute.org/files/news/pdfs/gawhitepaperjune3.pdf (essed november 8, 2013).


    35. ariana eunjung cha, “glowing nts illuminate regtory debate,” washington post, october 4, 2013, http://.washingtonpost/national/health-science/glowing-nt-project-on-kickstarter-sparks-debate-about-regtion-of-dna-modification/2013/10/03/e01db276-1c78-11e3-82ef-a059e54c49d0_story.html (essed november 8, 2013).


    36. ariana eunjung cha, “glowing nts illuminate regtory debate,” washington post, october 4, 2013, http://.washingtonpost/national/health-science/glowing-nt-project-on-kickstarter-sparks-debate-about-regtion-of-dna-modification/2013/10/03/e01db276-1c78-11e3-82ef-a059e54c49d0_story.html (essed november 8, 2013).


    37. jeremy rifkin, the biotech century (new york: jeremy p. tarcher/putnam books, 1998), 9.


    38. kendall haven, one hundred greatest science discoveries of all time (westport, ct: libraries unlimited, 2007), 221.


    39. lydia nenow, “to patent or not to patent: the european union’s new biotech directive,” houston journal of internationalw 23(3) (2001): 25, http://.thefreelibrary/to+patent+or+not+to+patent%3a+the+european+union’s+new+biotech . . . -a075908314 (essed november 7, 2013).  第十一章 一場深刻的社會變革


    1. william henry gates iii, “an open letter to hobbyists,” february 3, 1976, http://.blinkenlights/ssmp/gateswhine.html (essed february 3, 2014).


    2. “what is free software?,” gnu project–free software foundation, june 18, 2013, http://.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html (essed june 26, 2013).


    3. “what is free software?,” gnu project–free software foundation, june 18, 2013, http://.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html (essed june 26, 2013).


    4. c. arvind kumar, wee to the ‘free’ world: a free software initiative (hyderabad: indian universities press, 2011), 28.


    5.wrence lessig, “code isw: on liberty in cyberspace,” harvard magazine, january-february 2000, http://harvardmagazine/2000/01/code-isw-html (essed june 13, 2013).


    6. eben moglen, “anarchism triumphant: free software and the death of copyright,” first monday 4(8) (august 2, 1999), http://pear.c.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/684/594 (june 10, 2013).


    7. steven j. vaughan-nichols, “fast, faster, fastest: linux rules supeputing,” zd, june 19, 2012, http://.z/blog/open-source/fast-faster-fastest-linux-rules-supeputing/11263 (essed june 13, 2013); roger parloff, “how linux conquered the fortune 500,”n money, may 6, 2013, http://moneyn/2013/05/06/technology/linux-500.pr.fortune/ (essed november 13, 2013).


    8. moglen, “anarchism triumphant.”


    9. moglen, “anarchism triumphant.”


    10. “history of the osi,” open source initiative, september 2012, http://opensource.org/history (essed june 13, 2013).


    11. richard stallman, “why ‘open source’ misses the point of free software,”munications of the acm 52(6) (2009): 31.


    12. richard stallman, “why ‘open source’ misses the point of free software,”munications of the acm 52(6) (2009): 31.


    13. richard stallman, “why ‘open source’ misses the point of free software,”munications of the acm 52(6) (2009):33。


    14. eric steven raymond, “the cathedral and the bazaar,” understone, august 22, 2001 http://.unterstein/su/docs/cathbaz.pdf (essed june 13, 2013).


    15. jeremy rifkin, the empathic civilization (new york: penguin books, 2009), 266.


    16. elizabeth l. eisenstein, the printing revolution in early modern europe (cambridge: cambridge university press, 1983), 95.


    17.wrence lessig, “culture wars: getting to peace,” in copyright future copyright freedom:marking the 40th anniversary of themencement of australia’s copyright act of 1968, ed. brian fitzgerald and benedict atkinson (sydney: sydney university press, 2011), 116.


    18. “ict facts and figures: the world in 2013,” ict data and statistics division of the international telmunication union, february 2013, http://.itu.int/en/itu-d/statistics/documents/facts/ictfactsfigures2013.pdf (essed june 20, 2013).


    19.wrence lessig, “getting our values around copyright rights,” educause review 45(2) (march/april 2010): 36.


    20.wrence lessig, “getting our values around copyright rights,” educause review 45(2) (march/april 2010): 36.


    21. “history,” creativemons, june 2013, http://creativmons.org/about/history, (essed june 13, 2013).


    22. “200 million creativemons photos and counting!,” flickr, october 5, 2011, http://blog.flickr/en/2011/10/05/200-million-creativemons-photos-and-counting (essed june 26, 2013).


    23. dara kerr, “youtube breaks records with 4m creativemons videos,” , july 25, 2012, http://news./8301-1023_3-57480300-93/youtube-breaks-records-with-4m-creativemons-videos/ (essed june 23, 2013).


    24. “history,” creativemons.


    25. “personal genome project — homepage,” personal genome project, 2013, http://.personal genomes.org/ (essed june 23, 2013).